Large number of studies on the role of small, non-coding the protein, RNA molecules (microRNAs) in carcinogenesis and the development of resistance to anticancer therapy published in last decade. The family of micro-RNA genes constitutes a little over 1% of the human genome, but regulates the expression of almost a third of all genes in the post-transcriptional level. With the rising attention of specialists to the personalized approach in the treatment of cancer patients, the introduction of knowledge on the role of miRNAs in the clinic in the future will allow to individualize the approach to the treatment of this complex patient population. This review provides information on the range and mechanisms of formation of micro-RNAs, analyzes the relationship between the expression profile of miRNAs and the phenotype of the tumor, as well as discusses the possible using of micro-RNAs in clinical practice.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) constitute from 0.1% to 3% of all malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Immunohistochemistry plays a key role in the differential diagnosis of GIST and other mesenchymal tumors. The main immunohistochemical marker for GIST is the CD117 (c-Kit), which hyperexpression observed in 95% tumors. When planning treatment of GIST a multidisciplinary approach involving surgeon-oncologist, pathologist, oncologist and radiologist-chemotherapist is required. Surgical treatment remains the main method of treatment in the absence of dissemination of the disease. Tumor size, mitotic index, location of tumor and mutation status of tumor affect on the prognosis of disease progression. Imatinib is a small molecule inhibitor of tyrosine kinase c-Kit, PDGFR, Abl, Bcr-Abl and the main drug in treatment of metastatic GIST. Imatinib is applied in a dose of 400 mg/day, and allows to achieve a clinical improvement (partial response + stabilization) in 90% of patients. Using of imatinib in adjuvant therapy during first year after the operation significantly increases progression-free survival up to 98%. High-risk patients need adjuvant treatment with imatinib for 3 years after the operation according to the ESMO 2012 recommendations. Neoadjuvant therapy with imatinib leads to a reduction of the tumor mass, increase resectability and frequency of performing organ-preserving operations. In case of progression of GIST during therapy with imatinib the last dose may be doubled or a second-line treatment with sunitinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR, PDGFR, KIT, Flt3) can be used. Sunitinib is applied in a dose of 50 mg/day for 4 weeks daily with an interval of 2 weeks. Treatment with sunitinib allowed to achieve clinical improvement in 24.2% of imatninib-resistant patients. It is necessary to take into account not only the size but also the density and structure of the tumor when performing radiological assessment of response of the tumor to therapy. Currently, the phase II clinical studies are conducted with the aim to investigate the new targeted therapies for the treatment of GIST.

The article describes the small-cell lung cancer, history of development of methods of diagnosis and treatment. Data on modern algorithms of treatment of advanced and localized stages of the disease, the role of prophylactic brain irradiation, highlights issues of targeted therapy and surgical treatment.

Experience of using of HER2-antagonists in clinical practice has approximately 15 years. During this time there was a serious evolution of our understanding of the place and indications for these drugs in HER2-positive breast cancer. It was proved that neoadjuvant targeted therapy of early HER2-positive breast cancer reduces the risk of recurrence and metastasis. However, in the issue on blocking of HER2-receptors in early breast cancer many questions are still remained. The use of targeted drugs in the neoadjuvant treatment is promising and requires further research.

Radical prostatectomy can provide an excellent local control in patients with localized prostate cancer.  However, some patients with risk factors (extracapsular spread of tumor (pT3a), seminal vesicle invasion (pT3b) or the presence of tumor cells in the resection margin (R1), and others.) require postoperative radiation therapy. The most debated issue is the timing of radiotherapy (during postoperative period or delayed, or in case of increasing levels of PSA), as well as the criteria for the selection of candidates for this treatment. The article examines the arguments "pro" and "contra" adjuvant radiotherapy applicable to the conditions and possibilities of Russian oncological hospitals.

The article presents the results of a clinical study, the aim of which was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of chemotherapy regimens based on nitrosoureas derivative aranose used in 1-5 line therapy for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (mNET) of different localization. Patients (n = 49) included in the study received one of three regimens: monotherapy with aranose (480-690 mg/m2 intravenously on 1^st-3^rd days every 3 weeks), aranose in combination with capecitabine (aranose 500 -760 mg / m2 intravenously 1^st -2^nd days; capecitabine 2g / m2 / day   1^st -14^th days every 3 weeks) and aranose in combination with temozolomide (aranose, 450 mg / m2 intravenously 1^st -2^nd days; temozolomide 100 mg / m2 / day 3^rd -6^th days every 3 weeks). Monotherapy with aranose received 20 patients, aranose/ capecitabine combination - 22 patients, and aranose / temozolomide combination - 7 patients. A total of 337 courses of chemotherapy were conducted. According to the assessment of the effectiveness of aranose, aranose/capecitabine, aranose/temozolomide regimens objective response rate was 40%; 22.7%; 28.6%, respectively, and the control the tumor growth was 75%; 77.3%; 57.2% respectively. All these regimens were well tolerated. The most frequent adverse event was 1-2 grade of hematologic toxicity. Thus, aranose in monotherapy and in combination with other cytostatics showed anti-tumor activity and characterized with satisfactory tolerability.

The article presents the results of clinical assessment of 102 patients (96 men, 6 women) of working age (40-70 years) suffering from locally advanced oropharyngeal. This study shows a modern approach in the treatment of these patients in the form of the use of targeted therapy in the neoadjuvant regimen, taking into account the biological profile of the tumor. This allows to improve the quality of life and to optimize the post-operative rehabilitation and psychosocial adaptation of such patients.